400-251 ccie security pdf

400-251 ccie security pdf

ASCII American Standard Code for Information Exchange (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) representing character . 8 -bit code, by the seven data bits plus a parity bit. End directly returns to privileged mode Encapsulation frame-relay clockrate 64000 The process number does not affect the OSPF notification learning BGP4 supports CTDR and uses a routing computer system to reduce the size of the routing table. See CIDR . (DCE) , consisting of a modem. See DCE . Habitat Cisco equipment, the Cisco hardware type of equipment being used, the software version and active port. It uses SNAP frames between devices and is not routable. Asynchronous transmission ( digital transmission ) does not have a precisely timed digital signal, usually Setup manually enter the setup configuration mode HDLC Advanced Data Link Control----- Use frame characters ( including checksums ) , " The main explanation is F , G , H vocabulary beginning. ROM: Rom monitor is a lower-level os system than Mini IOS , similar to BIOS Mini IOS (2500 serial The main path of traffic. BGP Fast switching ( fast switching ) that utilizes a route cache to speed up packet switching through a router The bit set in the frame when the frame relay network encounters a congestion path. Receiving a DTE with a BECN frame can require the advanced protocol to take the necessary flow control measures. Compare FECN . ATMM was ATM management (ATM Management) in ATM a protocol running on the switch tube Bypass relay ( bypass relay ) enables an interface of the token ring to be closed and effectively detached from the ring Each network elects a root bridge BridgeID Lowest cable range ( range of cables ) in the extended AppleTalk network, the existing nodes on the network so that Bridge ( bridge ) two devices connected to the network and transmit data packets therebetween. Both paragraphs must use the same The process of segmenting a packet into small pieces. accounting ( statistics ) ----- AAA one of the three components. Statistics provide auditing and recording skills for security models =========================================================== =================== The over rate is the maximum rate minus the insurance rate. Depending on the availability of network resources, excess traffic can be dropped during congestion. Contrast maximumraten Whether a given node ID in an AppleTalk network is used by another node. If the node ID is used at the end, the sending node can use the ID of that node . If the node ID is already used, the sending node will select a different ID and send more AARP probe packets. See AARP A(config-keychain)#key 1Configure key 1 A(config-keychain-key)#key-string cisco define password A(config-keychain-key)#exit R14(config-if)#dialer string 016300 CHAP: Challenge three-way handshake , the password is transmitted by HASH algorithm , which is stronger than PAP. =========================================================== =============== ANSI is a member of the IEC and ISO . ATCP AppleTalk control program (the AppleTalk Control Program) : establishing and configuring AppleTalk over Flexibility : VLANs can span multiple switches Frame-relay map ip 10.1.1.2 110 broadcast for manual static mapping =========================================================== =============== IGRP is a distance vector type routing protocol that does automatic route summarization . There is no way to turn off this feature . Serial1 is administratively down, Line protocol is down =========================================================== ================ ANSI American National Standards Institute (American National Standards Institute) by the United States, government bridging loop ( bridging loops ) bridged network, to a network if there is more than one link and STP Enterprise network (a corporate network ) that connects a major location in a large company or organization =========================================================== =============== CHAP: Challenge three-way handshake , the password is transmitted by HASH algorithm , which is stronger than PAP. Network layer : eBGP External Border Gateway Protocol (External Border Gateway Protocol) is used in different autonomous Is a point-to-multipoint connection. See control directVCC . Sended and is not reliable. Compare connection-oriented . See virtual circuit . GNS the nearest server (Get Nearest Server): in the IPX network, to determine a customer a request of a given type of packet location nearest transmitted activation server. An IPX network client issues a GNS request to obtain a response from a connected server or a response from a router that discloses the location of the server on the internet. GNS is part of IPX and SAP . See IPX and SAP . BISDN broadband TSDN (Broadband ISDN) ----- to manage high-bandwidth technologies ( such as video ) created floodming ( diffusion ) an interface when receiving traffic it will be transmitted to the originating communication interfaces in addition to the amount of Thus, the switch has exited the switch at the leading edge of the output before the packet is fully entered into the input port. The frame will be read, processed, and forwarded immediately after the destination address of the frame is verified and the output port is determined. Whether a given node ID in an AppleTalk network is used by another node. If the node ID is used at the end, the sending node can use the ID of that node . If the node ID is already used, the sending node will select a different ID and send more AARP probe packets. See AARP Cheng. Ip route (Destnation Network IP) (NetMask) [NextHopIP | LocalInterface] Destnation Network IP: Target Network IP An incident has occurred. Can be abbreviated as ACK . Control NAK . Packet . Access server ( access server ) is the so-called " network access server " , it is a communication process, through the network Line : PPP, HDLC, SLIP EXEC session (EXEC session ) is used to describe a command line interface Cisco terminology. EXEC session exists BGP neighbors (BGP neighbor ) starts a communication process to exchange routing information dynamically two Line conosle 0 to consolo 0 Specify the idle IP of the address pool 4. Ways of notification : Unicast & Multicast The bit set in the frame when the frame relay network encounters a congestion path. Receiving a DTE with a BECN frame can require the advanced protocol to take the necessary flow control measures. Compare FECN . Show history view history command ( command just used recently ) Endpoint ATM (ATM endpoint ) beginning or end of an ATM network is connected. ATM endpoints include =========================================================== =============== data compression ( data compression ) See compression . Connectionless ( no connection ) does not require the creation of data transfers from virtual circuits. It has no overhead, try its best The name of the Cisco Fusion Cisco Internetwork architecture on which Cisco IOS completes operations. design collision domain ( collision domain ) network area Ethernet frame collision propagating. Conflict =========================================================== =============== IGRP is a distance vector type routing protocol that does automatic route summarization . There is no way to turn off this feature . Bit ( bit, bit ) A number ; a 1 or a 0 . 8 bits make up one byte. 1. refuse 2. allowed Virtual circuits in the network. Sended and is not reliable. Compare connection-oriented . See virtual circuit . Address learning, forwarding filtering, etc. of the switch : E-1---- A wide-area digital transmission scheme commonly used in Europe to transmit data at a rate of 2.048 Mb/s . ABR area border router ----- located in one or more OSPF area boundary OSPF routers, ABR is used to OSPF connection region to the OSPF backbone area switchport mode trunk change the interface mode to trunk mode of operation in 3550 to create an 802.1Q trunk road For broadcast frames and multicast data frames , the switch forwards flooding by default. Designated router (DR , designated router ) creates an OSPF for the LSA for a multiaccess network Endpoint ATM (ATM endpoint ) beginning or end of an ATM network is connected. ATM endpoints include AppleShare and Mac OS file sharing allows users to share files and applications on the server. Other features are available, including timing. This is an extended version of SF . See SF . ASBR autonomous system boundary router (Autonomous System Boundy Router) one on Autonomous system : EIGRP and OSPF . The traffic " rounds and goes to the router. =========================================================== =============== EIGRP VLAN characteristics This routing algorithm group repeats the number of hops in a given route, requiring each router to send its complete updated routing table, but only to its neighbors. This routing algorithm has a tendency to generate loops, but is simpler than the link state algorithm. See link-state routing al-gorithm and SPF . The proposed circuit link. The full network type provides a large amount of redundancy, and because of its high cost, it is generally reserved as a network backbone. See floodming ( diffusion ) an interface when receiving traffic it will be transmitted to the originating communication interfaces in addition to the amount of Ways allow different protocols to alternate frame identification (frame tagging) ( frame identifier, frame flag ) the VLAN can span multiple connections ATP AppleTalk transaction protocol (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol) a transport layer protocol, The reduced mode IP multicast scheme uses TGMP to transport routing datagrams between its neighbors. See IGMP . A LAN standard that can run at speeds up to 200 Mb/s and use token transfer media access technology on fiber optic cable. For redundancy,400-251 ccie security pdf, a double loop structure can be used. A regional border router between an OSPF autonomous system and a non- OSPF network, operating OSPF and an additional routing protocol ( such as RIP) . The ASBR must be in a non-stub OSPF area. See ABR , non-stub area, and OSPF . BECN between the Explicit Congestion through-pipe (Backward Explicit Congestion Notification) BECN is A series of actions performed immediately to determine if a connection request violates the QoS guarantee for establishing a connection . The CAC is also used to transmit connection requests over an ATM network. Interface Serial1.1 multipoint All-trans line (Rollback): for CISCO network equipment for the management . Sended and is not reliable. Compare connection-oriented . See virtual circuit . Flexibility : VLANs can span multiple switches VLAN; all switches in the end-to-end \VLAN understand all configured VLANs . End-to-end VLANs are configured to allow membership based on functions, projects, departments, and so on. E.164 1) evolved from the standard telephone numbering system, which is numbered by ITU-T , especially at discovery mode ( discoverable mode ) also called dynamic configuration, this technology is AppleTalk interface is used from =========================================================== =============== (PDU) Add header information. For example, in Internet terminology. A packet should contain a physical layer header followed by a network layer (IP) header followed by a transport layer header (TCP) followed by application protocol data. ABR area border router ----- located in one or more OSPF area boundary OSPF routers, ABR is used to OSPF connection region to the OSPF backbone area Management distance: Determine which routing protocol generates routes will be adopted by the router. The lower the management distance, the easier it is to be adopted by the router. D channel (D channel ) 1) data channel ----- a full duplex, 16Kb / S (BRA) or 64Kb / s (PRI) End exit port configuration device The pick-up point is specified in the destination field of the packet. See SSAP and SAP . Specify the idle IP of the address pool This interface of the 7000 Series router minimizes the performance bottleneck of the UNI . Participate in AAL3/4 private AAL5 . 1. CISCO 2. ANSI 3. Q993A Righteousness. Network traffic is bridged across all interfaces of the same bridge group number. Access layer : Provides network access points , and the corresponding device ports are relatively dense . Main devices : switches , hubs . Binding ( binding ) in LAN configuration on a network layer protocol to use some type of frame Basic FRAME-RELAY configuration Circuit Switching : PPP, HDLC, SLIP Directed broadcast (a direct broadcast ) a data frame or packet is transmitted to a remote network segment specific Exchange routing information between systems. IGRP is a distance vector type routing protocol that does automatic route summarization . There is no way to turn off this feature . FEIP Fast Ethernet Interface Processor (Fast Ethernet Interface Processor) Cisco7000 Series Routing =========================================================== =============== ACL two actions : Vtp server configures this switch to enable pruning for server mode [server|client |transparent] vtp pruning Bits are used to define the network and 16 bits are used to define hosts on the network. Debug ip igrp transactions debug igrp event content =========================================================== =============== 1. Neighbor table => all neighbors Configure terminal enters global configuration mode An incident has occurred. Can be abbreviated as ACK . Control NAK . Configure the ISDN switch type and select it according to the regionality. The other party does not have no shutdown to activate the port. Configuration and beacon . The quantity manages a QoS parameter specified when the connection is established . In CBR transmission, the degree of allowable fluctuation of data sampling by PCR is determined by the CDVT . See CBR and PCR . B (config-if) #ip nat outside arranged S1 interface outside the network to a source internal address 192.168.1.10 translated into an external IP is 1.1.1.1 B (config) #ip nat inside source static 192.168.1.10 1.1.1.1 1.A vlan == A broadcast domain == A logic subnet 10.1.1.1/255.255.255.255 Sending CDP packets every 60 seconds ( every 60 transmits second cdp packet ) HoldTime 180 seconds ( per CDP information is saved 180 [ seconds ) compression ( compression ) with a string of numerals repeated data, transmitted over a link than the normal grant ANSI is a member of the IEC and ISO . Packet . R14(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 60 VTP is the use multicasting to advertise, VTP will intervals . 5 minutes announcement once , even if there is no change .VTP switch synchronized the last configuration . 10Gbps 2 The MAC address filter table determines which port is the destination hardware address to which the received hardware address is destined. The frame will only be allowed to pass through that segment. If the hardware address is unknown, the frame is forwarded to all ports. Setup manually enter the setup configuration mode B(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 interface serial 1 overload 1. CISCO 2. ANSI 3. Q993A connection-oriented ( connection-oriented ) to establish a virtual circuit data before any data transmission DCC data Country Code (Data Country Code) developed by the ATM Forum for the use of private networks Frame-relay lmi-type ansi frame-relay intf-type dce dedicatedline ( green ) do not share any bandwidth point to point connection. A(config-keychain)#key 1Configure key 1 A(config-keychain-key)#key-string cisco define password A(config-keychain-key)#exit CSU / DSU channel service unit / data service unit (channel service unit / data service unit ): a wide area network in the digital signal is converted into a physical layer device provider appreciated switch signal. The CSU/DSU is usually a device that plugs into an RJ-45 jack (the so-called demarcation position ) . The level is set to 32768 . =========================================================== =============== CBR constant bit rate ----- ATM forum created for use in ATM networks The E-1 transmission line can be leased from a public carrier company for use as a dedicated line. Layer , Presentation layer , Session layer , and Transport layer . data terminal equipment ( Data Terminal Equipment ) , see the DTE . More details are configured. Allow multi-protocol support and interface configuration. Show users to see " who " login to local H channel (H channel ) high-speed channel (high-speed channel): a full-duplex, the 384Kb / s work on rate ISDN primary rate channel. See B channe , D channel , and E channel . BUS BUS ----- in LAN emulation, responsible for parsing the broadcasting and with all the unknown ( unregistered ) packet into the address of the ATM hardware or software required for point to point virtual circuit. See LANE , LEG , LEGS, and LES . BX.25 AT&T 's use of X.25 . See X.25 . One of the related AAL sublayers, which is further divided into CS and SAR sublayers. The CPCS prepares data for transmission over the ATM network, which creates a 48- byte payload cell that is sent to the ATM layer . See AAL and ATM layer . Bridge ( bridge ) two devices connected to the network and transmit data packets therebetween. Both paragraphs must use the same Ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 Neighbor indicates a specific neighbor There are two types of ACLs : Create a standard 5 sub-section ATM cells. The ATM layer receives 48- byte segments from the AAL and appends a 5- byte header to each segment . These cells are then sent to the physical layer for transmission over the physical medium. See AAL . Create a standard 5 sub-section ATM cells. The ATM layer receives 48- byte segments from the AAL and appends a 5- byte header to each segment . These cells are then sent to the physical layer for transmission over the physical medium. See AAL . Frame-relay interface-dlci ??? Assign a specific PVC to this subinterface . ??? is the PVC number . Ethernet link overhead: ! The over rate is the maximum rate minus the insurance rate. Depending on the availability of network resources, excess traffic can be dropped during congestion. Contrast maximumraten Access control list (ACL) For broadcast frames and multicast data frames , the switch forwards flooding by default. Autoreconfiguration ( automatic reconfiguration ) token ring domain failure of a process performed by the node, Control direct VCC . Hostname ABC configuration local username Hostname ABC configuration local username coimnection ID ( connection ID) each into the router's Telnet identifying the session analysis. Show sessions The process number does not affect the OSPF notification learning frame types ( frame type ) the LAN in a frame is used to determine how to put on the local network. Ethernet Fast Ethernet ( Fast Ethernet ) ---- speed lOOMb / s Ethernet specification. Fast Ethernet ratio ABR area border router ----- located in one or more OSPF area boundary OSPF routers, ABR is used to OSPF connection region to the OSPF backbone area debug ip rip debug RIP routing " The main explanation is B , C words that begin with. (ChinaITLab) ATM user-user connection (ATM user - user connection ) A connection established by the ATM layer to provide One of the related AAL sublayers, which is further divided into CS and SAR sublayers. The CPCS prepares data for transmission over the ATM network, which creates a 48- byte payload cell that is sent to the ATM layer . See AAL and ATM layer . ATMARP server (ATMAPR server ) provides a logical subnet to run the address resolution service. VTP has three modes : AppleShare and Mac OS file sharing allows users to share files and applications on the server. No * do the reverse operation of the configuration frameing ( framing ) the OSI package on model data link layer. It's called framing because the packet is used The loop that occurs when the end of the protocol opens. The header information is removed from the (PDU) . See encapsulatio . Create a VLAN When they meet, the frames of each node collide and are damaged. See collision domain . Ip route 4.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 2.0.0.2 ------------------------------------------------- mask address ( address mask ) a bit pattern descriptor, which identifies which portion of a network address of the representative Rip management distance : 120 Congestion ( congestion ) exceeds the amount of network traffic handling capacity. The twisted pair transmission distance is 100 meters . Is a point-to-multipoint connection. See control directVCC . The interface interface processor card provides lOMb/s AUI port support for Ethernet version 1 and Ethernet version 2 or IEEE 802.3 interface with high speed data path to other interface processors . reload reload Router ( restart ) The station's HDLC communication mode, where the transmission can start from the primary station or a secondary station. Governing system path. Cell ( Cell ) the ATM network, the basic unit of data switching and multiplexing. The cell has a 53 byte Routers in the same autonomous system are able to learn to advertise related routes to each other . Control distribute VCC ( Control Distribution VCC) Phase I LAN simulation defines three control connections Servers, workstations, ATM- to- LAN switches, and ATM routers. enable secret provided in the ciphertext enable password ( in preference to the use plaintext ) service password-encryption of all encryption system cleartext password ( weak ) authentication ( authentication ) AAA first component model. Users generally pass the username and port OSPF uses IP packets for route advertisement and learning , Protocol Number : 89 =========================================================== =============== GMII dry megabits MII (Gigabit MII): providing a data transmission . 8 -bit Media Independent Interface. Freedom debris forwarding mechanism , can only CISCO achieve on the device . A working node gets information about the attached network. This information is then used by the interface for its own configuration. interface fastethernet 0/1 enter fa0 / 1 interface bootstrap protocol ( Bootstrap Protocol ) is used to dynamically allocate IP addresses to the requesting client and gateway coprocessor The pick-up point is specified in the destination field of the packet. See SSAP and SAP . Ip host Set static hostname mapping filtering ( Filter ) The following table provides security on the network by between visits. Checksum ( checksum ) ----- ensure the integrity of the transmission data for testing. It is through - a number calculated from a string value series of mathematical functions. It is usually placed at the end of the calculated data and then recalculated at the receiving end for confirmation. Compare CRC . Frame-relay switching IGRP is a distance vector type routing protocol that does automatic route summarization . There is no way to turn off this feature . Interface Serial0 no ip address CSU / DSU channel service unit / data service unit (channel service unit / data service unit ): a wide area network in the digital signal is converted into a physical layer device provider appreciated switch signal. The CSU/DSU is usually a device that plugs into an RJ-45 jack (the so-called demarcation position ) . Encapsulation frame-relay no shut enable secret provided in the ciphertext enable password ( in preference to the use plaintext ) service password-encryption of all encryption system cleartext password ( weak ) Please refer to the second part of the CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection : Classic Recommendations ; CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection ANSI American National Standards Institute (American National Standards Institute) by the United States, government Fast switching ( fast switching ) that utilizes a route cache to speed up packet switching through a router There are multiple links on the same network, and STP will shut down - ports to block network loops. Beacon ( beacon ) An FBDT device or token ring frame that indicates a serious problem on the ring, such as electricity Bit ( bit, bit ) A number ; a 1 or a 0 . 8 bits make up one byte. 0x0 indicates that the router is going to enter the Rom monitor mode. The switch, Cisco calls it a switch-fabric . The switches in the switch fabric must keep track of the frames received on that switch port and must track the frames they belong to as they pass through the switch fabric. The VBR service delivers classic IP over ATM and LANE traffic. This AAL 's simplest recommendation uses SEAL , which provides lower bandwidth overhead and simpler processing requirements, but also provides reduced bandwidth and error resilience. See AAL The defined length includes a 5- byte header and a 48- byte payload that identify the stream of the cell . See dial backup ( Dial Backup ) dial-up connection is typically used to provide redundancy backup frame relay connection. Backup chain access method ( access method ) network devices gain network access Wan style. =========================================================== =============== 1. Address Learning Address learing 2. forwarding / filtering decisions Forward / Filter Decision 3. loop avoidance Loop avoidance enable secret provided in the ciphertext enable password ( in preference to the use plaintext ) service password-encryption of all encryption system cleartext password ( weak ) Configuration with multipoint subinterface RA: The PPP protocol is defined in RFC 1378 . See PPP . CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol (Cisco Discovery Protocol) Cisco proprietary protocol, used to tell the neighbor The packet's ability to process packets faster. FRAME-RELAY address mapping (reverse ARP) The station's HDLC communication mode, where the transmission can start from the primary station or a secondary station. IGRP is a CISCO private routing protocol that can only be implemented and deployed on CISCO routers . Advertising ( advertisement ) routing or service update is sent at a given interval, allowing on the network =========================================================== =============== Interface Serial0 no ip address R14(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 60 Vtp server configures this switch to enable pruning for server mode [server|client |transparent] vtp pruning Duplex Auto ( automatic duplex ) of a layer and 2 a device layer disposed on, it automatically switches provided The name of the Cisco Fusion Cisco Internetwork architecture on which Cisco IOS completes operations. design Show ip protocols to view information about RIP A Cisco hierarchical network. The core layer quickly passes packets to the distribution layer device. No packet filtering is performed at this level. Startup -config will be actively loaded every time the router or switch is started . Configuration is consistent . And channel . 1 th D portion of the channel, supports the DDR , Frame Relay, and the X.25 . Compare channelized T-1 . A technique that automatically starts and ends a circuit switched session. By imitation remains active, the router tricks the end station to treat the session as active. DDR is allowed through a modem or an external ISDN terminal adapter Please refer to the third part of the CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection : Classic Recommendations ; CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection AS AS (autonomous system) a group of networks under the management of another, they share the same COmposite metric ( complex metrics ) with IGRP and EIGRP use with such routing protocol, =========================================================== =============== A collection of self-management systems that do not rely on information received from other systems or groups. The process number does not affect the OSPF notification learning Debug ip igrp transactions debug igrp event content Copy flash: tftp://1.1.1.1/c2500-ik8os-l.122-31.bin Network devices ( such as routers, bridges or hubs ) efficacy. They serve as an FEP for an ATM network that uses a special DSU to complete the packet encapsulation . OSPF structure : WAN : Configure virtual loopback interface ( loopback interface defaults to UP state ) inerface loopback? Create a loopback interface VLAN; all switches in the end-to-end \VLAN understand all configured VLANs . End-to-end VLANs are configured to allow membership based on functions, projects, departments, and so on. BECN: Backward explicit congestion notification bursting ( burst ) Some technologies ( including ATM and FR ) are considered to be unexpected. This means the user =========================================================== =============== CTD Cell Transfer Delay (Cell Transfer Delay) for ATM a given connection is used in the source administrative distance ( management distance ) from 0 to 255 a number between, which represents one routing information Line : PPP, HDLC, SLIP A(config-keychain)#exit Frame Relay bridging ( FR bridge ) in 1490 RFC definition, uses this bridging method Static NAT configuration border gateway ( border gateway ) to facilitate a communication router routers in different autonomous systems with. Configuring VTP dynamic entries ( dynamic entries ) for the first 2 layer and 3 to create a hardware device address dynamically layer Handshake ( handshake ) to ensure synchronous transmission of a series of operations exchanged between two or more devices on a network. Change information, a spanning tree protocol that sends initialization packets at definable intervals. =========================================================== =============== AS path prepending (AS path pre-planned ) use route maps by adding fake ASN extended from Spanning tree port Using private IP addresses host , you can not directly access the public network (Internet) private IP public network router will not appear in the routing table . ISL 's main road agreement created an 802.1Q main road in 2950 Source port : None DSAP destination point energize business (Destination Service Access Point) a network node of business The destination hardware address of a frame, then look up the address in the filter table established by the switch, and then only send the frame to the port of the found hardware address, and the other ports cannot see the frame. A logical collection of information. IP datagrams have become the main unit of information for the Internet. In the OSI layers reference model, the term cell (Cell) , frame (Frame) , the message (message) and the segment (segment) also define these logical information groupings. Modem and terminal. =========================================================== =============== Version 2 configures the rip version to version 2 no auto-summary to turn off automatic summarization The group members receive data from the source or near RP) . See RP (rendezvous point) . degree. Ethernet link overhead: CSU / DSU channel service unit / data service unit (channel service unit / data service unit ): a wide area network in the digital signal is converted into a physical layer device provider appreciated switch signal. The CSU/DSU is usually a device that plugs into an RJ-45 jack (the so-called demarcation position ) . CHAP Q & A Handshake Authentication Protocol (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) ----- EXEC session (EXEC session ) is used to describe a command line interface Cisco terminology. EXEC session exists Broadcast ( Broadcast ) ----- a data frame or packet is transmitted to the local network segment ( defined by the broadcast domain ) for each node on. Broadcast broadcast address indicated by its destination network and host address bits are all 1 . Also known as " local broadcast " . Compare directedbroadcast . Relay Cell ( Cell Relay ) using small fixed size packets ( called cells ) technique. Their solid The twisted pair transmission distance is 100 meters . The data can exceed the bandwidth normally reserved for the connection, but cannot exceed the port rate. An example of this is a 128Kb/s Frame Relay CIR on T-1 - depending on the vendor, it is possible to send at a rate of more than 128Kb/s for a short time . =========================================================== =============== Show spanning-tree interface fastEthernet 0/23 View the status of the interface in the spanning tree AAL3/4 ATM Adaptation Layer 3/4 One of the four AALs recommended by ITU-T , supporting connection-oriented and also support Dynamic control of the measure, ACR varies between minimum cell rate (MCR) and peak cell rate (PCR) . See fragmentation ( segmentation ) when transmitting data on an intermediate medium can not support large network packet size, so Register cofiguration ( Configuration Register ) ----- in hardware or software stored in a 16 -bit value may be configurable, it is determined during initialization Cisco router functions. In hardware, the bit position is set using a jumper. In software, it is set by the specified special bit pattern, which is configured with a hexadecimal value along with the configuration command to set the boot options.