ccie security v5 written study guide

ccie security v5 written study guide

2. Different VLANs cannot communicate directly . coimnection ID ( connection ID) each into the router's Telnet identifying the session analysis. Show sessions =========================================================== ===================== Relay Cell ( Cell Relay ) using small fixed size packets ( called cells ) technique. Their solid If the router has a loopback interface , select the highest IP from the loopback interface as the RouterID. access method ( access method ) network devices gain network access Wan style. PAT configuration 0x2 Router will load the Flash in the IOS software . (Default config regcode) Datagram ( datagram ) as a network layer unit without the need to pre-establish virtual circuits and transmit them on the medium Direct forwarding : fast , but can not ensure the correctness of the forwarded frame . Show spanning-tree brief to view the spanning tree status (3500xl) (2950/3550 : show spanning-tree) Kind of protocol to communicate. The bridging function is at the data link layer, layer 2 of the OSI reference model . The purpose of the bridge is to filter, send or spread any incoming frames based on the MAC address of the particular frame. accounting ( statistics ) ----- AAA one of the three components. Statistics provide auditing and recording skills for security models Cable Crossover ( crossover cable ) is connected to the switch switches, host-to-host, hub to hub Banner motd [char c] also ends with [char c] another line =========================================================== =============== 1. Neighbor table => all neighbors switchport access vlan 10 Add this port to 10 VLAN in . CHAP Q & A Handshake Authentication Protocol (Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol) ----- ACL is the most important : The ACL condition list will have a condition of hiding " reject all " at the end . Use more than one metric to find the best path to a remote network. By default, both IGRP and EIGRP use the bandwidth and latency of the line. However , the reliability of the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) , load, and link can also be used . Show frame-relay lmi show frame-relay pvc show frame-relay map routing Classless ( stepless routing ) transmits routing update routing subnet mask. Stepless road =========================================================== =============== Please refer to the fourth part of the CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection : Classic Recommendations ; CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection EGPs: External Gateway Routing Protocol , Maintaining Routes between Autonomous Systems There is traffic successfully reaching the destination. Usually in a router with poor productivity or insufficient caching ability and poor packet loss call priority ( call priority ) circuit switched system, the originating port to the priority of each definition, it 1. Define the maximum number 2. Horizontal separation 3. Route poisoning , toxicity reversal 4. Silence timer 5. Trigger update =========================================================== =============== (DCE) , consisting of a modem. See DCE . Virtual circuits in the network. ! Endpoints ( endpoint ) see BGP neighbors . Address learning, forwarding filtering, etc. of the switch : =========================================================== =============== =========================================================== =============== CIP channel interface processor (Channel Interface Processor) ----- Cisco 7000 a channel series routers use additional interface, which is connected to a host computer a control device. This device eliminates the need for an FBP connection channel. Need to create a neighbor relationship using multicast to perform route advertisement ( reliable ) own link state database ( network map ) using a corresponding algorithm , such as (SPF) to calculate the best route trigger update distance-vector routing algorithm ( Distance Vector Routing Algorithm ) In order to find the shortest path, Action : Permit =========================================================== =============== EIGRP clear ip route * clear route table B(config)#ip nat pool abc 1.1.1.1 1.1.1.1 prefix-length 8 translate list 1 host IP to pool abc free IP B(config)#ip nat inside source list 1 pool abc overload Layer , Presentation layer , Session layer , and Transport layer . data terminal equipment ( Data Terminal Equipment ) , see the DTE . Adopt standard : BISDN broadband TSDN (Broadband ISDN) ----- to manage high-bandwidth technologies ( such as video ) created The main path of traffic. Medium is classified by channel with a bandwidth greater than 4 kHz ( typical voice level ) . It uses simulation in LAN technology A: 10.0.0.0/8 Private IP address : Typically specified by the network administrator and used by routing protocols to compare different routes through an internetwork. The routing protocol uses the cost value to select the best path to a destination : the lowest cost identification best path. See routing metnC . FDM frequency division multiplexing (Frequency-Division Multiplexing) allows several channels to the channel CLP cell loss priority (Cell Loss Priority) ATM channel is determined when the header message element cell network congestion CO central office (central office) , all circuits in a certain area are connected here, is the subscriber line auto-detectmechanism ( automatic detection mechanism ) for use in Ethernet switches, hubs, and the interface card, Exchange routing information. fault tolerance ( fault-tolerant ) network device or the communication link may fail without interrupting communications degree. Fault tolerance Is a point-to-multipoint connection. See control directVCC . ADSU ATM data service unit (ATM Data Service Unit) is used by HSSI connection mechanism compatible The level is set to 32768 . Private IP address : Frame-relay map ip 10.1.1.2 110 broadcast for manual static mapping R14(config-if)#dialer string 016300 A digital device of the loop. Often referred to as a CSU/DSU along with a data service unit . See DSU . Bus ( bus ) through a physical path ( usually wire or copper wire ) a digital signal can be used to calculate Surgery. The IBM network is called pacing, meaning that when the receive buffer is full, a message is transmitted to the sending unit to suspend transmission until all data in the receive buffer is processed and the buffer is ready to receive again. Spanning trees can avoid loop problems caused by redundancy . Solve the problem : put redundant ports into blocking state . Interfaces in blocking state will not receive / send user data . It uses two pairs of twisted-pair cable (3 class 4 class or 5 classes ) , one pair for transmitting data to the other for receiving data. Specify the idle IP of the address pool =========================================================== =============== FRAME-RELAY administrative weight ( administrative weights ) value for a given network administrator specified hierarchical network links. The proposed circuit link. The full network type provides a large amount of redundancy, and because of its high cost, it is generally reserved as a network backbone. See Frame-relay route 120 interface Serial0 110 bit-oriented protocol ( bit oriented protocol ) regardless of the content of the frame, the data link layer communication protocol such PPP 's own password configuration Change (DLSw), in order to provide router-based network the SNA ( Systems Network means ) and NeIOS supported protocols. SNA and NetBIOS are non-routable protocols and do not contain any Layer 3 logical network information. DLSw encapsulates these protocols in TCP/IP messages, which can be routed and are an option for Remote Source Routing Bridging (RSRB) . Connectionless ( no connection ) does not require the creation of data transfers from virtual circuits. It has no overhead, try its best Security : Communication with different VLANs Set a user password or authentication protocol helper address ( help address ) specified unicast address, which directs Cisco router into direct Access-list 100 permit IP any any The convergence algorithm provides loop-free operation throughout the routing calculation. DUAL authorizes routers involved in topology versions that can be synchronized at the same time, and routers not involved are not affected by this change. See Enhanced IGRP . The twisted pair transmission distance is 100 meters . Frame-relay switching =========================================================== =============== Redundant topology , causing " broadcast storm ", " multiple frame reception ", "MAC address table instability ". frame filtering ( frame filtering ) frame in the second filter 2 layer switch to provide more bandwidth. Switch reading Source : 10.3.3.1 Encapsulation frame-relay clockrate 64000 Data Link layer ( data link layer ) the OSI of the reference model 2 layer which ensures that data across the physical link Dynamic VLAN ( Dynamic DLAN) A manager that creates entries in a special server. FRAD Frame Relay access device (Frame Relay access device) to provide LAN and Frame Relay WAN The over rate is the maximum rate minus the insurance rate. Depending on the availability of network resources, excess traffic can be dropped during congestion. Contrast maximumraten =========================================================== =============== Note : =========================================================== =============== The pick-up point is specified in the destination field of the packet. See SSAP and SAP . =========================================================== ================ BGP4 . firewall ( firewall ) intentionally a barrier between any public network and a private network settings from a AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer 5 One of the four AALs recommended by ITU-T , mainly used to support inter-face connection =========================================================== =============== Modem and terminal. ELAN emulation LAN (emulated LAN) emulates Ethernet or commands using a client / server model CGMP Cisco Group Management Protocol (Cisco Group Management Protocol): made Cisco a proprietary protocol developed. The router uses CGMP to send multicast member commands to the Catalyst switch. dynamic entries ( dynamic entries ) for the first 2 layer and 3 to create a hardware device address dynamically layer Serial1 is down, Line protocol is down BPDU Bridge Protocol Data Unit (Bridge Protocol DataUnit) between the cross-bridges in the network Backbone ( backbone ) basic part of the network, which provides sent to other networks and other networks originating from The packet's ability to process packets faster. Description description interface comment The credibility value of the source. The smaller the value, the higher the level of constitutionality The mode boots the device with an operating system. The ROM can also hold a small Cisco IOS . The pick-up point is specified in the destination field of the packet. See SSAP and SAP . Code IP over ATN equipment. Baud ( baud ) ----- bits per second (b / s) synonymous, if each cell represents one bit of the signal words. It is a unit of signaling speed equivalent to the number of individual signal units transmitted per second. Righteousness. Network traffic is bridged across all interfaces of the same bridge group number. Action : Permit A logical collection of information. IP datagrams have become the main unit of information for the Internet. In the OSI layers reference model, the term cell (Cell) , frame (Frame) , the message (message) and the segment (segment) also define these logical information groupings. Show cdp interface serial 1 View the CDP information of the interface. 1. Neighbor table => all neighbors access method ( access method ) network devices gain network access Wan style. =========================================================== =============== Show hosts shows the current hostname configuration Checksum ( checksum ) ----- ensure the integrity of the transmission data for testing. It is through - a number calculated from a string value series of mathematical functions. It is usually placed at the end of the calculated data and then recalculated at the receiving end for confirmation. Compare CRC . AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer ----- ITU-T 2 recommendations four AAL one , to support variable bit rate connection-oriented traffic, such as voice traffic see AAL =========================================================== =============== FRAME-RELAY Equipment and Tnter have jointly improved. Ethernet is similar to the TEEE802.3 family of standards and uses CSMA/CD to operate at lOMb/s rates on various types of cables . Also known as DIX (Digital/Intel/Xerox) Ethernet. See Access-list 100 deny ICMP host 10.3.3.1 host 172.16.3.1 Show cdp neighbors to view CDP neighbors ( without IP) Cable Crossover ( crossover cable ) is connected to the switch switches, host-to-host, hub to hub Provide sufficient management and configuration to get the router working so that someone can remotely log in to the router and configure it. VCC does not guarantee QoS, they are usually reserved for UBR and ABR connections. Compare control distribute VCC and AURP tunnel (AURP tunnel ) connection in an AURP WAN , which is physically divided into two Link state type routing protocol: Configure a static default route to indicate which interface to send to the unknown network , which interface to send the packet R14 (config) #ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0 End exit the interface =========================================================== =============== FRAME-RELAY is a non-broadcast multi-access type network that does not support broadcasting. Which contains: BridgeID = Bridge Priority + MAC address Choose an agreement. collapsed backbone ( folded backbone ) all network segments via a network interconnection device connected to each other DVMRP distance between the amount of multicast routing protocol (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol) is mainly based on Routing Information Protocol (the RTP) , the Internet gateway protocol a common, strong The amount of time. By default, the cdp timer is 90 seconds. A corrective technique used to block the request. The path is restored to an intermediate node. Then use GCAC to try to find an alternate path to the final destination. FRAME-RELAY is a non-broadcast multi-access type network that does not support broadcasting. Password cisco login =========================================================== =============== An OSI language and description method for data types . It is described by ISO International Standard 8824 . dynamic entries ( dynamic entries ) for the first 2 layer and 3 to create a hardware device address dynamically layer block size ( block size ) available hosts in a subnet. The block size can generally be in increments of 4 , 8 , autonomous confederation ( Autonomous Federation ) rely mainly on their own network reachability and routing information 1. Bandwidth 2. Delay 3. Reliability 4. Load 5. MTU 8 bits are used to define the network, and 24 bits are used to define hosts on the network. =========================================================== =============== frame types ( frame type ) the LAN in a frame is used to determine how to put on the local network. Ethernet The client's local broadcast request is changed by unicasting the service to the server.dynamic entries ( dynamic entries ) for the first 2 layer and 3 to create a hardware device address dynamically layer Target : 172.16.3.1 =========================================================== =============== call priority ( call priority ) circuit switched system, the originating port to the priority of each definition, it Show hosts shows the current hostname configuration Typically specified by the network administrator and used by routing protocols to compare different routes through an internetwork. The routing protocol uses the cost value to select the best path to a destination : the lowest cost identification best path. See routing metnC . FRAME-RELAY address mapping (reverse ARP) data circuit-terminating equipment ( data circuit terminating equipment ) the DCE is used between DTE equipment In the network, the link access protocol formed on the standard Ethernet data link layer. De discard Eligibility is used in the Frame Relay network to tell the switch if the switch is too Ip host Set static hostname mapping Encryption ( encryption ) converting the information into a form clutter to effectively disguise, so as to prevent an authorized end Ip route 4.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 s0 Interface serial 0 Experiment : Clock rate ? Configure the clock frequency of the DCE interface ( system specified frequency ) Rip management distance : 120 GNS the nearest server (Get Nearest Server): in the IPX network, to determine a customer a request of a given type of packet location nearest transmitted activation server. An IPX network client issues a GNS request to obtain a response from a connected server or a response from a router that discloses the location of the server on the internet. GNS is part of IPX and SAP . See IPX and SAP . There is a command line interface function. the adjacency ( abutting ) the relationship between the neighboring routers and end nodes use a common media segment established to And track . 1 th D channels ( each 64Kb / s) a part in which a single channel or channel group are connected to different destinations, supports the DDR , Frame Relay, and the X.25 . Compare channelized E-1 . Show sessions to view " I " telnet outgoing sessions EIGRP uses a wildcard mask configuration example : bridge. The bridge ID is a combination of bridge priority and base MAC address. A Cisco hierarchical network. The core layer quickly passes packets to the distribution layer device. No packet filtering is performed at this level. Show interfaces fastethernet 0/1 switchport The VBR service delivers classic IP over ATM and LANE traffic. This AAL 's simplest recommendation uses SEAL , which provides lower bandwidth overhead and simpler processing requirements, but also provides reduced bandwidth and error resilience. See AAL Encapsulation PPP enables PPP on the interface AMI Alternate Mark Inversion (Alternate Mark Inversion) T-1 and E-1 A circuit on a circuit compiled frameing ( framing ) the OSI package on model data link layer. It's called framing because the packet is used The demodulator demodulates the analog signal into the original digital form ( in turn, modulates the digital data it transmits into an analog signal ) . See modulation . Apply application related configuration Baseband ( baseband ) a characteristic of network technology, the use of only one carrier frequency. Ethernet is one Frame-relay map ip 10.1.1.2 110 broadcast for manual static mapping cut-through frame switching ( straight-frame exchange ) A frame of data flowing through the switch switching technology The CISCO 1900 series switches use free shard forwarding to forward this forwarding method by default. The area of ​​the possibility of being discarded. Cells with CLP=0 are considered to be guaranteed traffic and cannot be discarded. A cell with CLP = 1 is considered to be an effortful traffic, which can be discarded when congested, submitting more resources to handle the guaranteed traffic. ADSU ATM data service unit (ATM Data Service Unit) is used by HSSI connection mechanism compatible =========================================================== =============== There are two types of ACLs : =========================================================== =============== And headers and trailers for synchronization and error control, which surround the data contained in the unit. Password cisco sets a password to "cisco" Dynamic control of the measure, ACR varies between minimum cell rate (MCR) and peak cell rate (PCR) . See =========================================================== =============== ELAP EtherTalk Link Access Protocol (EtherTralk Link Access Protocol) on EtherTalk Network If the source address and destination address of the data frame are from the same port , the switch will discard the data frame by default . 4. Ways of notification : Unicast & Multicast degree. =========================================================== =================== broadcast storm ( broadcasting storm ) on the network an unwelcome event, it turned on by any number of broadcast CIDR stepless routing domain (Classless Interdomain Routing) stepless routing protocol 1. Add this interface to the rip process. 2. Advertise the network of this interface to other routers. Surgery. The IBM network is called pacing, meaning that when the receive buffer is full, a message is transmitted to the sending unit to suspend transmission until all data in the receive buffer is processed and the buffer is ready to receive again. block size ( block size ) available hosts in a subnet. The block size can generally be in increments of 4 , 8 , =========================================================== =============== FRAME-RELAY topology (pvc) block size ( block size ) available hosts in a subnet. The block size can generally be in increments of 4 , 8 , ----- s1 RA s0 >-------- s1 RB s0 --------- s1 RC s0 ------ The router of the DCE needs to configure the clock frequency. Where to perform circuit switching. Corelayer The top layer of the Cisco three-tier hierarchical model that helps design, build, and maintain a ARP ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) in RFC 826 is defined in the protocol EFCI Explicit Forward Congestion indication (Explicit Forward Congestion Indication) ATM network data encapsulation ( data encapsulated ) message is a protocol in the data portion of another protocol Dynamic NAT configuration Network and terminal emulation software to connect asynchronous devices - a LAN or the WAN , to provide supported protocol routing synchronous or asynchronous. Network or subnet, which part represents the host. Sometimes referred to as a mask. Playing subnet mask Copy flash: tftp://1.1.1.1/c2500-ik8os-l.122-31.bin 1. Full mesh 2. Half mesh 3. Star and spoke 10.1.1.1/255.255.255.255 Clear line XXX clear line R14(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 60 Please refer to the fourth part of the CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection : Classic Recommendations ; CCNA Professional English Vocabulary Collection B(config)#inte s 1 extended IP accesslist ( extended IP access list ) by logical address, the network layer protocol header word Routing on ISDN or telephone lines. Count to infinity ( calculation to infinity ) routing problem in a routing algorithm, routers continue to increase B(config)#access-list 1 permit any OSPF uses IP packets for route advertisement and learning , Protocol Number : 89 Interface fa0/24 Physical layer : rate , voltage , pin interface type Bit =========================================================== =============== Target port : 23 Used to determine the duplex mode and speed that can be used. Specify the idle IP of the address pool Transport layer : reliable and unreliable transport services , retransmission mechanism . Segment ACR allows the Cell Rate ATM Forum to be a name defined for managing ATM traffic. Congestion control 2. Topology Table => Network Map ABR area border router ----- located in one or more OSPF area boundary OSPF routers,ccie security v5 written study guide, ABR is used to OSPF connection region to the OSPF backbone area A (config) #inte s 1 enters s 1 interface =========================================================== ================== A technique that automatically starts and ends a circuit switched session. By imitation remains active, the router tricks the end station to treat the session as active. DDR is allowed through a modem or an external ISDN terminal adapter A data link product from EtherTalk Apple Computer Inc. that allows AppleTalk networks to be powered by Ethernet =========================================================== =============== Config-register 0x2142 modify the startup configuration key border router ( border router ) ----- generally Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is defined as a region connected to the backbone routers region. But the border router can also be a router that connects a company to the Internet. See =========================================================== =============== A connectionless protocol responsible for sending datagrams over an internetwork. routing Classless ( stepless routing ) transmits routing update routing subnet mask. Stepless road A subsection that depicts the type and format of the IDI portion of the ATM address . It does not indicate an error and can be intentional. See fragmentation . Piece address. The switch then filters the network with a known hardware address (MAC) ASBR autonomous system boundary router (Autonomous System Boundy Router) one on Show hosts shows the current hostname configuration Ripv2 certification : R14(config)#interface bri 0 R14(config-if)#encapsulation ppp distance-vector routing algorithm ( Distance Vector Routing Algorithm ) In order to find the shortest path, Mesh Full ( full mesh ) network topology, wherein each node to other network nodes or virtual physical The input is copied over the length of the medium and received by all other stations. Compare ring and star . 3. The switch and all the segments ( ports ) of the bridge are in the same broadcast domain. 10.1.1.1/255.255.255.255 Protocols : TCP OSPF hierarchy advantages : Interface s 1.??? point-to-point enables a peer -to- peer subinterface . ??? is the interface number . ip add 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 configures the ip for the subinterface R14(config-if)#dialer idle-timeout 60 IOS Cisco Cisco Internetwork Operating System Software (Cisco Internetwork Operating System software) ----- as CiscoFusion provide the functionality shared by all products in the off-line configuration, scalability and security of Cisco core routers and switches series. See CiscoFusion . A corrective technique used to block the request. The path is restored to an intermediate node. Then use GCAC to try to find an alternate path to the final destination. (PDU) Add header information. For example, in Internet terminology. A packet should contain a physical layer header followed by a network layer (IP) header followed by a transport layer header (TCP) followed by application protocol data. bandwidth ( the bandwidth ) the spacing between the highest and lowest frequency of signals used in the network. Usually, it involves one System Autonomous ( AS ) refer to the AS . The address is all ones . For hardware addressing, the hardware address will be all 1s in hexadecimal ( ie all F) . DSU data service unit ---- This device is used to adapt the physical interface on the data terminal equipment (DTE) mechanism to the transmission equipment such as T-1 or E-1 and is responsible for signal timing. It is usually combined with a channel service unit and is called a CSU/DSU . See CSU . Duplex Auto ( automatic duplex ) of a layer and 2 a device layer disposed on, it automatically switches provided Enterprise network (a corporate network ) that connects a major location in a large company or organization Router), also known as boot mode , can be used for IOS upgrades. A(config)#key chain A configuration key chain A helper address ( help address ) specified unicast address, which directs Cisco router into direct =========================================================== =============== Rip Version 2 : Dynamic VLAN ( Dynamic DLAN) A manager that creates entries in a special server. Cellrelay . =========================================================== =============== List Access ( access list ) to save the router a set of test conditions, which determine the various services on the network " interested reload reload Router ( restart ) Show ip route eigrp to see the best route for all EIGRP ( stored in the routing table ) =========================================================== =============== Use the range of numbers assigned. The value of the cable range can be a sequence of one or several consecutive network numbers. Node addresses are determined by their cable range values. FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name (fully qualified domain name) in the DNS for the domain structure due to Bit, Frame, Packet, and Segment are all called : PDU (Protocol Data Unit) BGP speaker (BGP speakers ) advertises its routing prefix or router. Port Console ( control port opening ) the Cisco a typical routers and switches on the RJ-45 ports, with Apply application related configuration frame filtering ( frame filtering ) frame in the second filter 2 layer switch to provide more bandwidth. Switch reading Clear line XXX clear line cut-through frame switching ( straight-frame exchange ) A frame of data flowing through the switch switching technology Configuration information. Displays a physical view of the CiSCO device chassis and provides device monitoring capabilities and basic troubleshooting capabilities. Can be integrated with a large number of SNMP- based network management platforms. HUB Hub : A broadcast domain, a collision domain. Flooding forwarding . Shared bandwidth . Straight line : the host and switch or HUB connected Segmentation : Broadcast domain division =========================================================== =============== the adjacency ( abutting ) the relationship between the neighboring routers and end nodes use a common media segment established to =========================================================== =============== =========================================================== =============== PPP: ROM: Rom monitor is a lower-level os system than Mini IOS , similar to BIOS Mini IOS (2500 serial Partial mesh Ip route (Destnation Network IP) (NetMask) [NextHopIP | LocalInterface] Destnation Network IP: Target Network IP Surgery. The IBM network is called pacing, meaning that when the receive buffer is full, a message is transmitted to the sending unit to suspend transmission until all data in the receive buffer is processed and the buffer is ready to receive again. Media type : twisted pair , coaxial cable , fiber Any device connected between. See Cisco FRAD and FRAS . Show history view history command ( command just used recently ) Network 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 Interface s 1 encapsulation frame-relay =========================================================== ===================== The address is all ones . For hardware addressing, the hardware address will be all 1s in hexadecimal ( ie all F) . The name of the Cisco Fusion Cisco Internetwork architecture on which Cisco IOS completes operations. design AFI privilege and format identifier (Authority and Format Identifier) ​​A part of the NSAP ATM address EIGRP and OSPF . Configure a static default route to indicate which interface to send to the unknown network , which interface to send the packet R14 (config) #ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 bri 0 Data link layer : Aggregation layer : the convergence layer of the access point , can provide routing decisions . Realize the safety filter , the flow control . Remote access . The main device : router . EIGRP external routing management distance : 170 EIGRP internal routing management distance : 90 show ip eigrp neighbors to view EIGRP neighbors BPDU: Bridge Protocol Data Unit Bridge Protocol Data Unit Corelayer The top layer of the Cisco three-tier hierarchical model that helps design, build, and maintain a A collection of self-management systems that do not rely on information received from other systems or groups. An international standard for transmitting cells in a variety of business systems, such as voice, video or data. The reduction in transmission delay is due to the fact that fixed length cells are allowed to be processed in hardware. ATM is designed to enable high-speed transmission media ( such as SONET , Show spanning-tree interface fastEthernet 0/23 View the status of the interface in the spanning tree address resolution ( ARP ) to resolve the differences between computer addressing scheme of the process. Address resolution Encapsulation frame-relay R1(config)#no cdp run disables CDP protocol in global configuration mode ( affects all interfaces ) r1(config-if)#no cdp enable disables CDP protocol on interface ( only affects the specified interface ) clear cdp table clears CDP neighbors table Beacon ( beacon ) An FBDT device or token ring frame that indicates a serious problem on the ring, such as electricity B(config-if)#ip nat outside configure S1 interface for the outside network to specify which hosts can NAT Rip V1 uses broadcast announcement broadcast address : 255.255.255.255 ARP ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) in RFC 826 is defined in the protocol Different frequency and phase relationships. Asynchronous transfers typically encapsulate a single character in control bits ( called start and stop bits ) Interface serial 0 broadcast address ( broadcast address ) used in addressing hardware and logical addressing. In logical addressing, the host Show ip access-lists to view specific list conditions and matching information CDP Cisco Discovery Protocol (Cisco Discovery Protocol) Cisco proprietary protocol, used to tell the neighbor Enable password The root port does not participate in the competition of the specified port. 2) Usually all the interfaces of the root bridge are designated ports. 1. CISCO 2. ANSI 3. Q993A And headers and trailers for synchronization and error control, which surround the data contained in the unit. data compression ( data compression ) See compression . Circuit Switching : PPP, HDLC, SLIP Acknowledgment ( acknowledgment ) is transmitted from one network device to another network device authentication, showed a ADSU ATM data service unit (ATM Data Service Unit) is used by HSSI connection mechanism compatible Session layer : Differentiate data from different applications . The operating system works on this layer of DATA The process of packaging or inclusion. In the OSI reference model, when data flows down the protocol stack, each layer encapsulates its next layer. Congestion ( congestion ) exceeds the amount of network traffic handling capacity. Governing system path. 10.1.1.1/0.0.0.0 Spanning trees can avoid loop problems caused by redundancy . Solve the problem : put redundant ports into blocking state . Interfaces in blocking state will not receive / send user data . FRAME-RELAY LMI Signaling broadcast storm ( broadcasting storm ) on the network an unwelcome event, it turned on by any number of broadcast FRAME-RELAY also causes routing unreachability problems, ie horizontal separation rules. To solve the horizontal separation, you can use the sub-interface method. The three-tier architecture of the network : =========================================================== =============== The reservoir, which can be electrically erased and reprogrammed, is physically located on the EEPROM chip. Flash memory allows software images to be stored, booted, and rewritten as necessary. By default, Cisco routers and switches use flash to save IOS . See EPROM and EEPROM . Programs ( such as email or file transfers ) to provide services. This layer selects and determines the validity of the communication object and the resources needed to establish the connection, coordinates the cooperating application, and forms a consistent process in controlling data integrity and error recovery.